同温层

波音B-52亚音速远程战略轰炸机的绰号是“同温层堡垒”。

A、对

B、错

大气层中的“同温层”指的是（）。

A、对流层

B、平流层

C、中间层

D、外太空

在大气层内，大气密度
A.在同温层内随高度增加保持不变
B.随高度增加而增加
C.随高度增加而减小

气温随高度的增加而逐渐下降，这一现象出现在（）

A、平流层

B、电离层

C、对流层

D、逸散层

E、同温层

大气圈中与人类生命活动关系最密切的一层是（）

A、平流层

B、同温层

C、臭氧层

D、对流层

E、中间层

在平流层中发生气温随高度的增加而逐渐下降，这一现象出现在（　　）。

A、平流层

B、电离层

C、对流层

D、逸散层

E、同温层

在大气层内，大气密度（）

A、在同温层内随高度增加保持不变。

B、随高度增加而增加。

C、随高度增加而减小。

D、随高度增加可能增加，也可能减小。

气温在高空中是比较冷的，如果在某一高度有增温现象，导致该位置的温度比其下方的空气暖和时，称之（）

A、高温层

B、逆温层

C、同温层

D、培温层

平流层中所不具有的是（）。

A、空气只有水平方向的流动

B、没有雨雪现象

C、压强、密度随高度的增加而降低

D、平流层内温度常年保持在-56.5℃，因此又被称为同温层.

在平流层中所不具有的是（）

A、空气只有水平方向的流动

B、没有雨雪现象

C、压强、密度随高度的增加而降低

D、平流层内温度常年保持在-56.5℃，因此又被称为同温层

根据大气温度随高度的变化，可将大气层划分为（）

A、对流层、平流层、中间层、热层和外层

B、均质层和异质层

C、电离层和非电离层

D、同温层、臭氧层、分子氮层和原子氦层

空中的微粒能分散照射进来的阳光，这就是为什么晴朗的天空是蓝色的原因。日落表现为微红色，这是因为太阳光线穿越了更长距离的大气路程，因而只有波长更长的红光可以到达我们的跟前。这些细微的火山灰被火山喷射到了大气的同温层，之后随风向全球各地扩散。由火山喷射出来的二氧化硫能在大气中发生反应，形成硫酸盐浮质。这种独特的硫酸盐浮质可以通过对阳光设置更多的穿透障碍来增强这种效果，从而使日落显得格外的红。
这段文字主要说明的问题是（）。

氢弹之父、物理学家爱德华·特勒曾设想：向空中抛洒铝和硫的粉末，给地球降温。特勒提出的办法是要模仿大规模的火山爆发。l991年，波及范围达数百万千米的皮纳图博火山灰使地球气温下降了0．41℃，而且持续时间达好几个星期。但生物化学家们却给这种主张泼冷水，他们认为，散布于空中的这些硫和铝的微粒，很可能会严重干扰同温层。特勒还与人合作过其他使地球降温的方法：在轨道上放置5万面反射镜；发射一颗巨大的卫星，悬于地球与太阳之间，以挡住部分太阳辐射。

通过以上文字我们不能得出的是()。

A．向空中抛洒铝和硫的粉末，可以给地球降温

B．火山灰的主要成分是硫和铝

C．特勒曾与人合作试验过在轨道上放置反光镜给地球降温的方法

D．爱德华·特勒为了研究给地球降温进行过仔细的研究

氢弹之父、物理学家爱德华•特勒曾设想：向空中抛洒铝和硫的粉末，给地球降温。特勒提出的办法是要模仿大规模的火山爆发。1991年，波及范围达数百万千米的皮纳图博火山灰使地球气温下降了0.41℃，而且持续时间达好几个星期。但生物化学家们却给这种主张泼冷水，他们认为，散布于空中的这些硫和铝的微粒，很可能会严重干扰同温层。特勒还与人合作过其他使地球降温的方法：在轨道上放置5万面反射镜;发射一颗巨大的卫星，悬于地球与太阳之间，以挡住部分太阳辐射。通过以上文字我们不能得出的是()。

A.向空中抛洒铝和硫的粉末，可以给地球降温

B.火山灰的主要成分是硫和铝

C.特勒曾与人合作试验过在轨道上放置反光镜给地球降温的方法

D.爱德华•特勒为了研究给地球降温进行过仔细的研究

空中的微粒能分散照射进来的阳光，这就是为什么晴朗的天空是蓝色的原因。日落表现为微红色，这是因为太阳光线穿越了更长距离的大气路程，因而只有波长更长的红光可以到达我们的跟前。这些细微的火山灰被火山喷射到了大气的同温层，之后随风向全球各地扩散。由火山喷射出来的二氧化硫能在大气中发生反应，形成硫酸盐浮质，这种独特的硫酸盐浮质可以通过对阳光设置更多的穿透障碍来增强这种效果，从而使日落显得格外的红。

这段文字主要说明的问题是（）。

A.空中的微粒能分散照射进来的阳光，使得晴朗的天空呈现蓝色

B.火山喷射出来的二氧化硫能在大气中发生反应，形成硫酸盐浮质

C.只有太阳光线中波长更长的红光可以穿越更长距离到达我们的跟前

D.由于火山喷发物形成的独特硫酸盐浮质致使日落显得格外的红

2.The writer states that fungi and bacteria（ ）.

3.The passage says that the biosphere（ ）.

4.According to the text, the balance of nature is（ ）.

5.The writer says that ecology is primarily concerned with the（ ）.

The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sort of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabitable by living organisms. Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere and the land; birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere: burrowing invertebrates （无脊椎动物） such as earthworms may reach a few yards into the soil but rarely penetrate farther unless, it has been recently disturbed by men. Fish cover a wider range, from just beneath the surface of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures. Fungi （真菌） and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a height of about half a mile, blown there by winds from the lower air. Balloon exploration of the stratosphere （同温层） as long ago as 1936 indicated that moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles, recently the USA’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them, in decreasing numbers, at heights up to eighteen miles. They are pretty sparse at such levels, about one for every two thousand cubic feet, compared with 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles (the usual altitude of jet aircraft), and they are almost certainly in an inactive state. Marine bacteria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacific trench, sometimes as deep as seven miles; they are certainly not inactive. Living microbes have also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled (while prospecting for oil) at depths of as much as 1,200 feet. Thus we can say, disregarding the exploits of astronauts, that the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles. Active living processes occur only within a compass of about seven miles, in the sea, on land and in the lower atmosphere, but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet or so. If this planet were sealed down to the size of an orange, the biosphere, at its extreme width, would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored skin, excluding the pith.In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life. The way in which living creatures interact with each other, depend on each other or compete with each other, has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of recorded history. Living things exist in a fine balance which is often taken for granted, from a practical point of view, things could not be otherwise. Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intricacy and delicacy. The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed. Yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance. The science of ecology...the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment...has grown up to deal with the minutiae of the balance of nature.

1.According to the passage, the “biosphere” is the layer on the earth's surface（） .

2.The writer states that fungi and bacteria（ ）.

3.The passage says that the biosphere（ ）.

4.According to the text, the balance of nature is（ ）.

5.The writer says that ecology is primarily concerned with the（ ）.

Fear of Dearth (缺乏)

(1) I hate jogging. Every dawn, as I thud around New York City’s Central Park reservoir, I am reminded of how much I hate it. It’s so tedious. Some claim jogging is thought (conducive); others insist the scenery relieves the monotony. For me, the pace is wrong for contemplation of either ideas or vistas. While jogging, all I can think about is jogging—or nothing. One advantage of jogging around a reservoir is that there’s no dry shortcut home.

(2) From the listless looks of some fellow trotters, I guess I am not alone in my unenthusiasm: Bill-paying, it seems, would be about as diverting. Nonetheless, we continue to jog; more, we continue to choose to jog. From a practically infinite array of opportunities, we select one that we don’t enjoy and can’t wait to have done with. Why?

(3) For any trend, there are as many reasons as there are participants. This person runs to lower his blood pressure. That person runs to escape the telephone or a (cranky) spouse or a filthy household. Another person runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is (leading nowhere). Each of us has his carrot and stick. In my case, the stick is my slackening physical condition, which keeps me from beating opponents at tennis whom I overwhelmed two years ago. My carrot is to win.

(4) Beyond these completely different reasons, however, lies a deeper cause. It is no accident that now, in the last third of the twentieth century, personal fitness and health have suddenly become a popular obsession. True, modern man likes to feel good, but that hardly distinguishes him from his predecessors.

(5) With amusingly ridiculous myopia (目光短浅), economists like to claim that the deeper cause of everything is economic. Delightfully, there seems no marketplace explanation for jogging. True, jogging is cheap, but then not jogging is cheaper. And the scant and simple equipment which jogging demands must make it a marketer’s least favored form of recreation.

(6)Some scout-masterish philosophers argue that the appeal of jogging and other body-maintenance programs is the discipline they afford. We live in a world in which individuals have fewer and fewer obligations. The work week has shrunk. Weekend worship is less compulsory. Technology gives us more free time. Satisfactorily filling free time requires imagination and effort. Freedom is a wide and risky river; it can drown the person who does not know how to swim across it. The more obligations one takes on, the more time one occupies, the less threat freedom poses. Jogging can become an instant obligation. For a portion of his day, the jogger is not his own man; he is obedient to a regimen he has accepted.

(7)Theologists may take the argument one step further. It is our modern irreligion, our lack of confidence in any hereafter, that makes us anxious to stretch our mortal stay as long as possible. We run, as the saying goes, for our lives, hounded by the suspicion that these are the only lives we are likely to enjoy.

(8) All of these theorists seem to me more or less right. As the growth of cults and charismatic religions and the resurgence of enthusiasm for the military draft suggest, we do crave commitment. And who can doubt, watching so many middle-aged and older persons torturing themselves (in the name of fitness), that we are unreconciled to death, more so perhaps than any generation in modern memory?

(9) But I have a hunch (预感) that there’s a further explanation of our (obsession with exercise). I suspect that what motivates us even more than a fear of death is a fear of dearth. Our era is the first to anticipate the eventual depletion of all natural resources. We see wilderness shrinking; rivers losing their capacity to sustain life; the air, even the stratosphere (同温层), being loaded with potentially deadly junk. We see the irreplaceable being squandered, and in the depths of our consciousness we are fearful that we are creating an uninhabitable world. We feel more