（ ）an increase in anti-Semitic rhetoric and religious discrimination in Latin America, the Pan American Development Foundation and the U.S. Department of State launched a “Believe in Tolerance” project in spring 2014.
A.According to B.Contrary to C.In response to D.In addition to
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The “standard of living” of any country means the average person’s share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. “Wealth” in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: “goods” such as food and clothing, and “services” such as transport and entertainment.A country’s capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country’s natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess perhaps only one of these things, and some regions possess none of them. The U.S.A is one of the wealthiest regions of the world because she has vast natural resources within her borders, her soil is fertile, and her climate is varied. The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the least wealthy.Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well off as the U.S.
A. in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and external wars, and for this and other reasons was unable to develop her resources. Sound and stable political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country’s people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up numerous skilled craftsmen and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled. Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin for saving, and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day. -
The term “remote sensing” refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretationof phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960’s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the Earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first multispectral digital data set from the multispectral scanner (MSS) aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic evolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small area, the continuity of regional features that have intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specifically for geologic purposes; but to be most effective, remote-sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys and laboratory tests, the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.1.By using the word “interpretative” in line32. The author is indicating which of the following?
2.With which of the following statements about geologic mapping would the author be most likely to agree?
3.According to the passage, measurements of which of the following can be provided by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible-light photography?
4. It can be inferred from the passage that a major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is that such photography .
5. It can be inferred from the passage that Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that Landsat images .
6.The passage provides information about each of the following topics EXCEPT （ ）.
7.The passage suggests which of the following about the “conventional methods” mentioned in line 24?
A.Some maps are based more on -
Geothermal energy is natural heat from the interior of the Earth that is converted to heat buildings and generate electricity. The idea of harnessing Earth’s internal heat is not new. As early as 1904, geothermal power was used in Italy. Today, Earth’s natural internal heat is being used to generate electricity in 21 countries, including Russia Japan, New Zealand, Iceland Mexico, Ethiopia, Guatemala El Salvador, the Philippines, and the United States. Total worldwide production is approaching 9,000 MW (equivalent to nine large modem coal burning or nuclear power plants)---double the amount in 1980. Some 40 million people today receive their electricity from geothermal energy at a cost competitive with that of other energy sources. In EL Salvador, geothermal energy is supplying 30% of the total electric energy used. However, at the global level, geothermal energy supplies less than 0.15% of the total energy supply. Geothermal energy may be considered a nonrenewable energy source when rates of extraction are greater than rates of natural replenishment. However geothermal energy has its origin in the natural heat production within Earth, and only a small fraction of the vast total resource base is being utilized today. Although most geothermal energy production involves the tapping of high heat sources, people are also using the low-temperature geothermal energy of groundwater in some applications.The average heat flow from the interior of the Earth is very low, about 0.06 W/m2. This amount is trivial compared with the 177 W/m2from solar heat at the surface in the United States. However, in some areas, heat flow is sufficiently high to be useful for producing energy. For the most part, areas of high heat flow are associated with plate tectonic boundaries. Oceanic ridge systems (divergent plate boundaries) and areas where mountains are being uplifted and volcanic island arcs are forming (convergent plate boundaries) are areas where this natural heat flow is anomalously high.The environmental impact of geothermal energy may not be as extensive as that of other sources of energy, but it can be considerable. When geothermal energy is developed at a particular site, environmental problems include on-site noise, emissions of gas, and disturbance of the land at drilling sites, disposal sites, roads and pipelines, and power plants. Development of geothermal energy does not require large-scale transportation of raw materials or refining of chemicals, as development of fossil fuels does. Furthermore, geothermal energy does not produce the atmospheric pollutants associated with burning fossil fuels or the radioactive waste associated with nuclear energy. However, geothermal development often does produce considerable thermal pollution from hot waste-waters, which may be saline or highly corrosive, producing disposal and treatment problems.
1.In paragraph 1, the author introduces the concept of geothermal energy by （ ）.2.In paragraph 2, the author states that geothermal energy is considered a nonrenewable resource because （ ）. 3.What is the meaning of the underlined sentence in Para. 2 (’’ Although most geothermal energy---in some applications"?4.In paragraph 4, the author mentions the atmospheric pollution and waste products for fossil fuel and nuclear power（ ）.5.What is true about geothermal energy production worldwide?
A.describing the alternatives for generating electric power B.arguing that this energy source has been tried unsuccessfully C.comparing the production with that of other energy sources D.explaining the history of this energy source worldwide问题2： A.the production of geothermal energy is a natural process B.geothermal energy comes from the Earth C.we could use more geothermal energy than is naturally replaced D.we are not using very much geothermal energy now问题3： A.High heat is the source of most of the geothermal energy but low heat groundwater is also used sometimes. B.Even though low temperatures are possible, high heat is the best resource for energy- production for groundwater. C.Both high -
s="" marvelous="" eloquence;="" the="" greater="" part="" of="" his="" working="" life="" was="" spent="" in="" comparative="" obscurity="" london,="" at="" writing-desk="" and="" reading-room="" british="" museum.="" he="" little="" known="" to="" general="" public,="" while="" towards="" end="" became="" recognized="" admired="" leader="" a="" powerful="" international="" movement,="" nothing="" or="" character="" stirred="" imagination="" evoked="" boundless="" devotion,="" intense,="" almost="" religion,="" worship,="" with="" which="" such="" men="" as="" kossuth,="" mazzini,="" even="" lassalle="" last="" years,="" were="" regarded="" by="" their="" followers.His public appearances were neither frequent nor notably successful. On the few occasions on which he addressed banquets or public meetings, his speeches were overloaded with matter, and delivered with a combination of monotonousness and brusqueness, which commanded the respect but not the enthusiasm of his audience. He was by temperament a theorist and an intellectual, and instinctively avoided direct contact with the masses, to the study of whose interests his entire life was devoted. To many of his followers he appeared in the role of a dogmatic and sententious German schoolmaster, prepared to repeat his theses indefinitely, with rising sharpness, until their essence became irremovably lodged in his disciples' minds. The greater part of his economic teaching was given its first expression in lectures to working men: his exposition under these circumstances was by all accounts a model of lucidity and conciseness. But he wrote slowly and painfully, as sometimes happens with rapid and fertile thinkers, scarcely able to cope with the speed of their own ideas, impatient at once to communicate a new doctrine, and to forestall every possible objection; the published versions were generally turgid, clumsy, and obscure in detail, although the central doctrine is never in serious doubt. He was acutely copious of this and once compared himself with the hero of Balzac's Unknown Masterpiece, who tries to paint the picture which has formed itself in his mind, touches and retouches the canvas endlessly, to produce at last a shapeless mass of colors, which to his eye seems to express the vision in his imagination. He belonged to a generation which cultivated the emotions more intently and deliberately than its predecessors, and was brought up among men to whom ideas were often more real than facts, and personal relations meant far more than the events of the external world; by whom indeed public life was commonly understood and interpreted in terms of the rich and elaborate world of their own private experience.'>
No thinker in the nineteenth century has had so direct, deliberate and powerful an influence upon mankind as Karl Marx. Both during his lifetime and after it he has exercised an intellectual and moral ascendancy over his followers, the strength of which was unique even in that golden age of democratic nationalism, an age which saw the rise of great popular heroes and martyrs，romantic, almost legendary figures, whose lives and words dominated the imagination of the masses and created a new revolutionary tradition in Europe. Yet Marx could not, at any time, be called a popular figure in the ordinary sense: certainly he was in no sense a popular writer or orator. He wrote extensively, but his works were not, during his lifetime, read widely; and when, in the late eighteen seventies, they began to reach the immense public which several among them afterwards obtained, the desire to read them was due not so much to a recognition of their intrinsic qualities as to the growth of the fame and notoriety of the movement with which he was identified.Marx totally lacked the qualities of a great popular leader or agitator, was not a publicist of genius like the Russian democrat Alexander Helen, nor did he possess Bakunin's marvelous eloquence; the greater part of his working life was spent in comparative obscurity in London, at his writing-desk and in the reading-room of
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The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true; more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, or self-improvement.Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or three-day vacation. I don’t know why any parent who would choose the word fan to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.Understanding and accepting that happiness has nothing to do with fun is one most liberating realization. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are already having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.1.To understand what true happiness is one must（ ） .2.According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because （ ）.3.Raising children, in the author’s opinion, is （ ）.4.From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from（ ） .5.What is the main point the author is going to tell us?
A.put up with pain under all circumstances B.be able to distinguish happiness from fun C.make every effort to liberate oneself from pain D.have as much fun as possible during one’s lifetime
问题2：
A.he finds more fun in dating than in marriage B.he is reluctant to take on family responsibilities C.he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single D.he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement
问题3：
A.a moral duty B.a thankless job C.a rewarding task D.a source of suffering
问题4：
A.hatred B.ignorance C.prejudice D.misunderstanding
问题5：
A.Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain B.One must know how to attain happiness. C.It is important to make commitments D.It is pain that leads to happiness.