Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits— among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues. “ There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits, said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically. ’’The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers ,disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“ Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns，” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold S 76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable. ”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, con-troversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods. (413 words)1.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap（ ）.2.Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to （ ）.3.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?4.From the text we know that some of consumers’ habits are developed due to （ ）.5.The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is（ ）.
A.should be further cultivated B.should be changed gradually C.are deeply rooted in history D.are basically private concerns
问题2：
A.reveal their impact on people’s habits B.show the urgent need of daily necessities C.indicate their effect on people’s buying power D.manifest the significant role of good habits
问题3：
A.Tide. B.Crest. C.Colgate. D.Unilever.
问题4：
A.perfected art of products B.automatic behavior creation C.commercial promotions D.scientific experiments
问题5：
A.indifferent B.negative C.positive D.biased
相关问题推荐
-
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.
A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.
A. Unified to do homework right. (400 words )1.It is implied in Paragraph 1 that nowadays homework （ ）.2.L.
A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students （ ）.3.According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may （ ）.4.As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether （ ）.5.A suitable title for this text could be（ ）.
A.is receiving more criticism B.is gaining more preferences C.is no longer an educational ritual D.is not required for advanced courses
问题2：
A.tend to have moderate expectations for their education B.have asked for a different educational standard C.may have problems finishing their homework D.have voiced their complaints about homework
问题3：
A.result in students’ indifference to their report cards B.undermine the authority of state tests C.restrict teachers’ power in education D.discourage students from doing homework
问题4：
A.it should be eliminated B.it counts much in schooling C.it places extra burdens on teachers D.it is important for grades
问题5：
A.A Faulty Approach to Homework B.A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students C.Thorny Questions about Homework D.Wrong Interpretations of an Educational Policy -
t="" make="" anything="" anymore,"="" he="" told="" fox="" news,="" while="" defending="" his="" own="" made-in-mexico="" clothing="" line. Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing. But there is also a different way to look at the data. Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay. For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers－and upward pressure on wages. "They're harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, "They may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing," Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture. At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years. At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating." he says. But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan. These concerns aren't misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels. "The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill. It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is." Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. "Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives," she says.
1.Jay Deuwell（ ）2.Jason Stenquist （ ）3.Birgit Klohs （ ）4.Rob Spohr （ ）5.Julie Parks （ ）
'>The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. "We don't make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge:
-
Being a good parent is what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very（1） , particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, （2） , a younger one sibling.
（3） , there’s another sort of parent that’s easier to （4） : a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, （5） , every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy（6） . Sometimes, parents get exhausted and are unable to maintain a（7） style with their kids. I understand this.You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can（8） you just a little too far. And then the（9） happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was too（10） and does nobody any good. You wish that you could （11） the clock and start over. We’ve all been there. （12） , even though it’s common, it’s vital to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may（13） for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also（14） your child’s self-esteem.If you consistently lose your（15） with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the（16） of modeling patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to maintain emotional control when（17） by stress is one of the most significant of all life’s skills.
Certainly, it’s （18） to maintain patience at all times with your kids. A more practical goal is to try,， to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with（19） situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and（20） from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.
A.pleasant B.tricky C.tedious D.instructive问题2： A.at once B.in addition C.for example D.by accident问题3： A.Fortunately B.Occasionally C.Accordingly D.Eventually问题4： A.amuse B.train C.assist D.describe问题5： A.once B.because C.unless D.while问题6： A.choice B.answer C.task D.access问题7： A.formal B.tolerant C.rigid D.critical问题8： A.move B.send C.drag D.push问题9： A.inevitable B.illogical C.mysterious D.suspicious问题10： A.boring B.harsh C.naive D.vague问题11： A.turn back B.take apart C.set aside D.cover up问题12： A.Overall B.Instead C.otherwise D.However问题13： A.believe B.regret C.miss D.like问题14： A.justify B.raise C.affect D.reflect问题15： A.bond B.time C.race D.cool16.问题16： A.nature B.secret C.context D.importance17.问题17： A.confronted B.defeated C.cheated D.confused18.问题18： A.strange B.terrible C.hard D.wrong19.问题19： A.exciting B.trying C.Surprising D.changing20.问题20： A.withdraw B.hide C.emerge D.escape -
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.1.The time needed in making decisions may（ ）.2.Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions （ ）.3.To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should （ ）.4.John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on （ ）.5.The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is（ ）.'>
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick，hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms； if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly，within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face ( one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling)，we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female ap-plicants ,we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners. 'John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.1.The time needed in making decisions may（ ）.2.Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions （ ）.3.To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should （ ）.4.John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on （ ）.5.The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is（ ）.
A.predetermine the accuracy of our judgment B.prove the complexity of our brain reaction C.depend on the importance o£ the assessment D.vary according to the urgency of the situation
问题2：
A.can be associative B.are not unconscious C.can be dangerous D.are not impulsive
问题3：
A.trust our first impression B.think before we act C -
黄土高原以前植被丰富，长满大树，而现在千沟万壑，不见树木，这是植被遭破坏后水流冲刷大地造成的惨痛结果。有专家进一步分析认为，现在黄土高原不长植物，是因为这里的黄土其实都是生土。以下哪项最可能是上述专家推断的假设？
A.生土不长庄稼，只有通过土壤改造等手段才适宜种植粮食作物。B.因缺少应有的投入，生土无人愿意耕种，无人耕种的土地稀薄。C.生土是水土流失造成的恶果，缺乏植物生长所需要的营养成分。D.东北的黑土地中含有较厚的腐殖层，这种腐殖层适合植物的生长。E.植物的生长依赖熟土，而熟土的存续依赖人类对植被的保护。