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（15分）【20世纪的战争与和平】
材料一：历史上两伊宿怨很深。两国共同边界1280公里，南段以阿拉伯河为界，两岸蕴藏着丰富的石油资源，两国的重要石油基地和油港都集中于此。阿拉伯河是伊拉克的唯一出海口，也是伊朗油船的通道。长期以来，两国一直在争夺这一水道。在阿拉伯河伊朗一侧的胡齐斯坦省居住为200多万阿拉伯人，他们争取民族平等和自治的斗争受到伊拉克的支持。而在伊拉克一侧与伊朗交界的各省聚居着什叶派穆斯林，他们又受到伊朗的支持。在北部地区，两伊境内都有库尔德人，他们的反政府活动又分别受到对方政府的支持，这也加剧了两伊的对立。
材料二：在双方“袭船战”中，航行于海湾的各国油轮共546艘被击中，420名船员丧生。战争使双方的综合国力受到很大削弱，客观上削弱了伊朗输出伊斯兰革命的势头，推迟了中东地区主要热点问题阿以争端和平解决的进程，刺激了中东地区各国对地地导弹、化学武器等大规模杀伤性兵器的追求，引起新的军备竞赛。伊拉克在这场竞赛中略占上风，以至很快忘却战争教训，停火两年后贸然武装入侵科威特，酿成规模空前、给伊拉克带来灾难性打击的海湾战争。
根据美国《时代》周刊提供的数字，日本从海湾地区进口的石油占其国内石油消费量的64%，法国占35%，美国占21%，意大利占32%，英国占14%，德国占15%。两伊战争开始后，世界石油价格大幅度上涨，美国一些报刊曾发表评论说，如果战争再拖下去“纽约夜晚的灯火将不会那么明亮。”
请回答：
（1）结合材料一及所学知识概括两伊战争爆发的原因。（6分）
（2）结合以上材料及所学知识分析两伊战争给中东地区局势和世界带来的消极影响。（9分） -
【单选题】美国从伊拉克仓促撤军所导致的伊拉克权力真空、伊拉克昔日掌权的逊尼派与现今掌权的什叶派之间矛盾的激化，是（）迅速崛起的根本原因。
A、“东突”
B、“基地组织”
C、“塔利班”组织
D、“伊斯兰国”
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什叶派是在同逊尼派的斗争中形成的，创始人为（），其拥护者宣称出身于哈希姆家族的阿里才是穆罕默德的真正继承人，并推崇阿里为永不犯错的“超人”。在伊斯兰教的历史上，什叶派一直受到逊尼派的镇压和打击，其内部也因主张各异而形成不同的派系，它主要在（）等国流传。
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Pains anti. Gains
Pains
The Iraq War is dragging into its fourth year. While peace remains uncertain in Iraq, opinion polls in the United States have shown that support for the war is falling down. However, U.S. President George W. Bush has outwardly expressed his confidence on more than one occasion. "I'm optimistic we'll succeed. If not, I'd pull our troops out," he said at a recent press conference.
When he ordered troops into Iraq on March 20, 2003, George W. Bush probably would not have imagined that the country would be plunged into such a chaotic situation three years later.
Despite its victorious offensives, U.S. forces have not been able to clear anti-U. S. resistance, which in effect has seen a drastic restoration recently. Although the U.S. dominated democratic process has largely been completed, and Washington continues to increase economic assistance, Iraq has made little progress in its reconstruction, leaving Iraqi people with severe water and power shortages. In particular, ever since the bombing of a famous Shiite shrine (什叶派教徒的圣地) on February 22, the feud between the Sunnis(逊尼派教徒) and the Shiites, Iraq's two major religious sects, has degenerated to the edge of a complete loss of control.
At present, the United States can neither come up with a quick answer to the Iraq problem, nor rid itself of the heavy burden easily. Behind the "Iraq syndrome" are the huge costs on the part of the United States: over 2,300 troops killed and $ 200 250 billion spent.
Gains
As a matter of fact, the United States has reaped remarkable benefits from the war in spite of its vast costs.
Geopolitical Priority
The geopolitical situation has been made more favorable to the United States. One of the underlying reasons why the United States seeks a transformation of Iraq is to smash Arab nationalism so as to keep a firm grip on Arab countries. If their advantages in population, natural resources and geographic position are integrated and they speak with one voice, let alone establish a unified Arab country, the 22- nation Arab world will be capable of resisting intervention by big powers. Unity means power and provides the best screen against the interference of Western superpowers. Arab nationalism, championed by former Egyptian Premier Gamal Abdel Nasser, was at its height in the 1950s to 1960s. In 1956, Nasser successfully defended the military aggression waged by Britain, France and Israel. In the Fourth Middle East War, or the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the Arab countries effectively protected their dignity and interests by using the oil weapon. Although Arab nationalism gradually declined after that, with conflicts emerging among the various nations, the basis for political integration still exists. For the United States, the Arab world is, of course, too large.
Iraq is at the core of the Arab world. Its former leader Saddam Hussein had been going out of his way to revive Arab nationalism by taking advantage of the anti-U. S. sentiments popular in the Middle East, something inauspicious for Washington. It is for these reasons that the United States set about changing the nature of Iraq through the Iraq War, the post-war democratic transformation, and especially supporting the Kurds (库尔德人). In the new Iraqi Constitution, the country is no longer labeled an "Arab country".
The United States has therefore succeeded in breaking the Arab world from within, preventing the revival of Arab nationalism and getting rid of the biggest threat for it to control the oil and strategic zones in the Middle East. In the meantime, as Iraq is turned into a dependent, pro U. S. (支持美国的) country, the United States will be able to establish a new strategic base in the heart of the Middle East. A curve link
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
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什叶派是伊斯兰教中人数最多的一派。中国伊斯兰教大多属于什叶派。
A、对
B、错