To begin to （ ） the pollution causing climate change, cities around the world need to be made more efficient, adopting measures ranging from reducing the energy costs of sanitation to constructing buildings that waste less energy.
A.mitigate B.migrate C.magnify D.militate
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（ ）an increase in anti-Semitic rhetoric and religious discrimination in Latin America, the Pan American Development Foundation and the U.S. Department of State launched a “Believe in Tolerance” project in spring 2014.
A.According to B.Contrary to C.In response to D.In addition to -
The term “remote sensing” refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretationof phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960’s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the Earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first multispectral digital data set from the multispectral scanner (MSS) aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic evolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small area, the continuity of regional features that have intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specifically for geologic purposes; but to be most effective, remote-sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys and laboratory tests, the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.1.By using the word “interpretative” in line32. The author is indicating which of the following?
2.With which of the following statements about geologic mapping would the author be most likely to agree?
3.According to the passage, measurements of which of the following can be provided by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible-light photography?
4. It can be inferred from the passage that a major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is that such photography .
5. It can be inferred from the passage that Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that Landsat images .
6.The passage provides information about each of the following topics EXCEPT （ ）.
7.The passage suggests which of the following about the “conventional methods” mentioned in line 24?
A.Some maps are based more on -
s="" through="" the="" early="" 1890's.="" meat-packers,="" author="" argues,="" had="" good="" wages,="" working="" conditions,="" and="" prospects="" for="" advancement="" within="" packinghouses,="" d not="" cooperate="" with="" labor="" agitators="" since="" relations="" were="" so="" harmonious.="" because="" history="" maintains="" that="" conditions="" above="" standard="" era,="" frequency="" of="" disputes,="" especially="" in="" mid-1880's,="" is="" accounted="" for.="" work="" ignores="" fact="" 1880's="" crucial="" years="" american="" history,="" packinghouse="" workers'="" effects="" part="" national="" movement="" reform.In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packinghouses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packinghouses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked.The history may be too optimistic because most of its data date from the 1880's at the latest, and the information provided from that decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880's, and continued to decline after the 1880's, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industry’s workers from the 1880's on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched.The author’s misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the history's faulty generalizations. The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, fess the products of the industrial world of the packers-the giant yards and the intricate plants---than of the unity and vibrancy of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable communit3r on Chicago’s South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.
1.The passage is primarily concerned with discussing（ ） .
2.The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT（ ） .
3.The author of the passage mentions the "social movement" (underlined, generated by Chicago's South Side community primarily in order to（ ）.
4.According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880's were influenced by（ ）.5.The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to （ ）
6.The tone of the author of the passage in discussing the meat-packer community on Chicago's South Side can best be described as one of （ ）.7.The information in the passage suggests that the author of the history discussed in the passage made which of the following errors?
'>A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830's through the early 1890's. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packinghouses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations wer
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The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true; more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, or self-improvement.Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or three-day vacation. I don’t know why any parent who would choose the word fan to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.Understanding and accepting that happiness has nothing to do with fun is one most liberating realization. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are already having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.1.To understand what true happiness is one must（ ） .2.According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because （ ）.3.Raising children, in the author’s opinion, is （ ）.4.From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from（ ） .5.What is the main point the author is going to tell us?
A.put up with pain under all circumstances B.be able to distinguish happiness from fun C.make every effort to liberate oneself from pain D.have as much fun as possible during one’s lifetime
问题2：
A.he finds more fun in dating than in marriage B.he is reluctant to take on family responsibilities C.he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single D.he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement
问题3：
A.a moral duty B.a thankless job C.a rewarding task D.a source of suffering
问题4：
A.hatred B.ignorance C.prejudice D.misunderstanding
问题5：
A.Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain B.One must know how to attain happiness. C.It is important to make commitments D.It is pain that leads to happiness. -
t="" so="" bad.="" festinger="" argued="" that="" these="" cases="" of="" attitude="" following="" behavior="" illustrate="" the="" effects="" cognitive="" dissonance.="" dissonance="" refers="" to="" any="" incompatibility="" an="" individual="" might="" perceive="" between="" two="" or="" more="" attitudes="" and="" attitudes.="" form="" inconsistency="" is="" uncomfortable="" individuals="" will="" attempt="" reduce="" and,="" hence,="" discomfort.="" they="" seek="" a="" stable="" state,="" in="" which="" there="" minimum="" dissonance.Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy. Tobacco executives provide an example. How you might wonder do these people cope with the ongoing barrage of data linking cigarette smoking and negative health outcomes? They can deny that any clear causation between smoking and cancer, for instance, has been established. They can brainwash themselves by continually articulating the benefits of tobacco. They can acknowledge the negative consequences of smoking, but rationalize that people are going to smoke and that tobacco companies merely promote freedom of choice. They can accept the research evidence and begin actively working to make less dangerous cigarettes or at least reduce their availability to more vulnerable groups, such as teenagers. Or they can quit their job because the dissonance is too great. No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. You know that cheating on your income tax is wrong, but you “fudge” the numbers a bit every year and hope you’re not audited. Or you tell your children to floss their teeth every day, but you don’t. So how do people cope? Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on the importance of the elements creating it and the degree of influence the individual believes he has over the elements; individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control. A third factor is the rewards of dissonance; high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance because they allow us to easily rationalize it.1.The purpose of mentioning the TV programs people watch in the first paragraph is to show （ ）.2.Which of the following cases can illustrate “dissonance”？3.People seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior by doing many things EXCEPT by （ ）.4.The author wants to tell us （ ）by giving the example of tobacco executives.5.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?'>
Early research on attitudes assumed that they were casually related to behavior; that is, the attitudes people hold determine what they do. Common sense, too, suggests a relationship. Isn’t it logical that people watch television programs they like, or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful? However, in the late 1960s, this assumed effect of attitudes on behavior was challenged by a review of the research. One researcher—Leon Festinger—argued that attitudes follow behavior. Did you ever notice how people change what they say. so it doesn’t contradict what they do? Perhaps a friend of yours has consistently argued that the quality of US cars isn’t up to that of imports and that he’d never own anything but a Japanese or German car. But his dad gives him a late-model Ford Mustang, and suddenly US cars aren't so bad. Festinger argued that these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, t