That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons; it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States; while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940, it was only after 1945 ——when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world ——that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women.By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work. “For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail.”Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, “I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind.”Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, blit then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.1.The passage focuses primarily on which of the following?2.Which of the following statements is supported by information given in the passage?3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Nevelson’s sculptures?4.Which of the following statements about Nevelson’s sculptures can be inferred from the passage?
A.A general tendency in twentieth-century art B.The work of a particular artist C.The artistic influences on women sculptors D.Critical responses to twentieth-century sculpture
问题2：
A.Prior to 1945 there was little major sculpture produced by men or women sculptors working in the United States. B.Since 1950 sculpture produced in the United States has been the most original and creative sculpture produced anywhere. C.From 1900 to 1950 women sculptors in Europe enjoyed more recognition for their work than did women sculptors in the United States. D.Prior to 1945 there were many women sculptors whose work was ignored by critics.
问题3：
A.They show the influence of twentieth-century architecture. B.They do not have qualities characteristic of sculpture C.They are mysterious and awe-inspiring, but not beautiful. D.They suggest religious and symbolic m
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s="" services="" are="" pa for="" in="" the="" form="" of="" a="" percentage="" price="" goods="" sold="" for.="" auctioneer="" therefore="" has="" direct="" interest="" pushing="" up="" bidding="" as="" high="" possible.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world famous.1.Auctioned goods are sold （ ）.2.The end of the bidding is called “knocking down” because （ ）.3.The Romans used to sell （ ）by auction.4.A candle used to bum at auction sales （ ）.5.The auctioneer may decide to sell the out of order because（ ）.'>
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He or she asks the assembled crowd in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”，for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods. For the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called “sub basra,” meaning “under the spear”，a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”，a short candle was lit by the auctioneer; and bids could be made while it stayed alight.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by possible buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot” is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order. He may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world famous.1.Auctioned goods are sold （ ）.2.The end of the bidding is called “knocking down” because （ ）.3.The Romans used to sell （ ）by auction.4.A candle used to bum at auction sales （ ）.5.The auctioneer may decide to sell the out of order because（ ）.
A.for the highest price offered B.only at fixed prices C.at a price less than their true value D.very cheaply
问题2：
A.the auctioneer knocks the buyer dow B.the auctioneer knocks the rostrum down C.the goods are knocked down on to the table D.the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer
问题3：
A.spoil goods B.property taken from the enemy C.old worn-out weapons D.spears
问题4：
A.because they took place at night B.as a signal for the crowd together C.to limit the time when offers could be made D.to keep the auctioneer warm
问题5：
A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyers. B.he know from experience that certain people will want to buy certain items. C.he wants to keep certain people waiting. D.he wants to reduce the number. -
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A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electrochemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.After observing the demonstration closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly “It’s a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?”“I don’t know,” replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now you’ll be taxing them”.From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms, to Hannibal’s remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C, with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt” of 40 elephants or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality.These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, division of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerginprofession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18th-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kay’s Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Crompton’s Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom in 1785.1.The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that （ ）.2.According to the passage, management is defined as （ ）.3.In the passage we can see that management came into its own（ ）.
A.politicians tax everything B.people are skeptical about the value of pure research C.taxes are uppermost in scientists’ minds D.he was rejected by his government
问题2：
A.accomplishing wonders B.the creator of the Industrial Revolution C.the art of getting things done D.supervising subordinates
问题3：
A.in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms B.in the development of the early Christian Church C.at the time of Michael Faraday D.in the eighteenth century