A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electrochemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.After observing the demonstration closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly “It’s a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?”“I don’t know,” replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now you’ll be taxing them”.From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms, to Hannibal’s remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C, with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt” of 40 elephants or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality.These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, division of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerginprofession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18th-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kay’s Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Crompton’s Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom in 1785.1.The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that （ ）.2.According to the passage, management is defined as （ ）.3.In the passage we can see that management came into its own（ ）.
A.politicians tax everything B.people are skeptical about the value of pure research C.taxes are uppermost in scientists’ minds D.he was rejected by his government
问题2：
A.accomplishing wonders B.the creator of the Industrial Revolution C.the art of getting things done D.supervising subordinates
问题3：
A.in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms B.in the development of the early Christian Church C.at the time of Michael Faraday D.in the eighteenth century
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The American society is （ ）an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.
A.established on B.affiliated to C.originated from D.incorporated with -
It is so mild and moist as I saunter along by the wall east of the Hill that I remember, or anticipate, one of those warm（1） in the spring, when the earth is just laid bare, the wind is south, and the cladonia lichens are （2） and lusty with moisture, your foot sinking into them and pressing the water out as from a sponge, and the （3）places also are drinking it in. You wander （4） in a beaded coat, wet to the skin of your legs, sit on moss-clad rocks and stumps, and hear the （5）of migrating sparrows flitting amid the shrub oaks, sit long at a time, still, and have your thoughts. A rain which is as serene as fair （6） , suggesting fairer weather than was ever seen. You could hug the clods that （7） you. You feel the fertilizing influence of the rain in your mid. The part of you that is wettest is fullest of life, — （8） the lichens. You discover evidences of immortality not known to （9） .You cease to die. You detect some buds and sprouts of life. Every （10）in the old rye-field is on virgin soil.And then the rain comes thicker and faster than before, thawing the （11） frost in the ground, detaining the migrating bird, and turn your back to it, full of serene, contented （12） , soothed by the steady dropping on the withered leaves, more at home for being abroad, more comfortable for being wet, sinking at each step （13）into the thawing earth, gladly （14）the gray rotting ice. The dullest sounds seem sweetly modulated by the air. You leave your tracks （15） spring rye, scaring the fox-colored sparrows along the woodsides. You cannot go home yet; you stay and sit in the rain. You （16） along the distant woodsides, full of joy and expectation, seeing （17）beauty, hearing nothing but music, as free as the （18）sparrow, seeing far ahead, a courageous （19） ,a great philosopher, not indebted to any academy or college for this （20）,but chiefly to the April rain, which descend on all alike.
A.showers B.pitfalls C.blizzards D.rainstorms
问题2：
A.swollen B.springe C.winded D.swabbed
问题3：
A.sunny B.saggy C.sandy D.faddy
问题4：
A.absolutely B.indefinitely C.consequently D.magnificently
问题5：
A.vibration B.murmuring C.uproar D.lisping
问题6：
A.sky B.weather C.moisture D.climates
问题7：
A.defile B.deveined C.doxastic D.granulate
问题8：
A.simulate to B.dislike to C.like D.likewise
问题9：
A.snobbism B.steals C.genius D.divines
问题10：
A.step B.press C.cornerstone D.episode
问题11：
A.restraining B.upstanding C.demanding D.remaining
问题12：
A.believe B.thought C.entrust D.perception
问题13：
A.deep B.hovering C.shadow D.paraffined
问题14：
A.disturbed in B.breaking up C.interruption D.breaking through
问题15：
A.perspective B.in respects of C.in fields of D.aspects of
问题16：
A.glide B.slide C.corroded D.crush
问题17：
A.no other than B.nothing but C.thereafter D.withstanding
问题18：
A.color of fox B.fox color C.color like fox D.fox-colored
问题19：
A.patriot B.coregency C.knight D.armor
问题20：
A.extravagation B.expenditure C.expectation D.expansion -
Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation to be a product of selection at the level of populations; recent studies of evolution, however, have found no basis for this （ ）view of selection.
A.controversial B.pervasive C.unchallenged D.renowned -
s="" services="" are="" pa for="" in="" the="" form="" of="" a="" percentage="" price="" goods="" sold="" for.="" auctioneer="" therefore="" has="" direct="" interest="" pushing="" up="" bidding="" as="" high="" possible.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world famous.1.Auctioned goods are sold （ ）.2.The end of the bidding is called “knocking down” because （ ）.3.The Romans used to sell （ ）by auction.4.A candle used to bum at auction sales （ ）.5.The auctioneer may decide to sell the out of order because（ ）.'>
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He or she asks the assembled crowd in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”，for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods. For the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called “sub basra,” meaning “under the spear”，a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”，a short candle was lit by the auctioneer; and bids could be made while it stayed alight.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by possible buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot” is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order. He may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world famous.1.Auctioned goods are sold （ ）.2.The end of the bidding is called “knocking down” because （ ）.3.The Romans used to sell （ ）by auction.4.A candle used to bum at auction sales （ ）.5.The auctioneer may decide to sell the out of order because（ ）.
A.for the highest price offered B.only at fixed prices C.at a price less than their true value D.very cheaply
问题2：
A.the auctioneer knocks the buyer dow B.the auctioneer knocks the rostrum down C.the goods are knocked down on to the table D.the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer
问题3：
A.spoil goods B.property taken from the enemy C.old worn-out weapons D.spears
问题4：
A.because they took place at night B.as a signal for the crowd together C.to limit the time when offers could be made D.to keep the auctioneer warm
问题5：
A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyers. B.he know from experience that certain people will want to buy certain items. C.he wants to keep certain people waiting. D.he wants to reduce the number. -
Operations which left patients （ ）and in need of long periods of discovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.
A.exhausted B.unhealthy C.upset D.fearful