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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Neward. “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, lie notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
1. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward（）.2. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?3. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Rober Eisenberger?4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe（）.5. The phrase “token economies” (Line 1，Para 5) probably refers to（）.
A.the choice between spiritual encouragement B.the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity C.the study of relationship between actions and their consequences D.the effects of external rewards on students performance问题2： A.They have no doubts about them B.They have doubts about them C.They approve of them D.They avoid talking about them问题3： A.Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before B.Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness C.Giving them rewards they really deserve. D.Giving them rewards they anticipate.问题4： A.rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students B.punishment is more effective than rewarding C.failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards D.discouraging the student’s anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency问题5： A.ways to develop economy B.systems of rewarding students C.approaches to solving problems D.method s of improving performance相关问题推荐
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Judicious praise is（）the sun is to flowers.
A.like children to B.as children as C.to children what D.that children with -
The other day an acquaintance of mine, an outgoing and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly alone in New York for an hour or two between appointments. He went to the Whitney and spent the “empty” time looking at things in （1）solitary delight. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in（2） to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone. What had he been afraid of, I（3）myself? That, suddenly alone, he would discover that lie bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet? But having taken the plunge, he is now on the brink of （4）; he is about to be launched into his own inner space, space as immense, unexplored and sometimes frightening as outer space to the astronaut. His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original. For anyone（5）can see things for himself with a naked eye becomes, for a moment or two, something of a genius. With another human being present vision becomes double vision, inevitably. We are busy wondering, what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it? The （6） impact gets lost, or diffused. Loneliness is most acutely felt with other people, for with others, （7）with a lover sometimes, we suffer from our differences of taste and mood. Alone we can afford to be wholly whatever we are and to feel whatever（8）feel absolutely. That is a great luxury! For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When 1 can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to （9）a few pages, take a walk with my dog, lie down in the afternoon for a long think (why does one think better in a（10） position?), read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.
A.very B.such C.so D.much
问题2：
A.love B.emotion C.fancy D.passion
问题3：
A.pondered B.enquired C.asked D.thought
问题4：
A.activity B.adventure C.excitement D.danger
问题5：
A.who B.whom C.that D.they
问题6：
A.original B.basic C.clear D.lonely
问题7：
A.although B.still C.even D.but
问题8：
A.one B.they C.us D.we
问题9：
A.inscribe B.compose C.cut D.write
问题10：
A.horizontal B.vertical C.painless D.motionless -
Generally speaking, old people are usually more（）than young people.
A.destructive B.progressive C.conservative D.constructive -
Background information: OnJanuaryl6, 2012, China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) released the “29th Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China” in Beijing. As of the end of December 2011, the scale of Chinese internet users is 5.13 hundred million. The internet penetration rate stepped up to 38.3% compared with those at the end of last year, increased by 4%. So, online movement or online campaign might influence our life or society.Write a 300-word composition about your view On Online Movement and Offline Activity Your composition is to include 3 paragraphs:1. In the first paragraph, state your main idea.2. In the second paragraph, support your main idea with specific examples and necessary reasoning.3. In the last paragraph, bring your composition to a natural conclusion.Attention: Write your composition on the Answer Sheet B.
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He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk coherently.
A.honestly B.appropriately C.intelligibly D.flexibly