What should be done to help the new immigrants?

A．Rid them of their inferiority complex.

B．Urge them to adopt American customs.

C．Prevent them from being marginalized.

D．Teach them standard American English.

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• Passage Two A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically “proved” by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence (生活维持费) in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist (维持生活), in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any “reason”. I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let’s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refused any kind of social obligation.

  This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature, actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.

  However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless, from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.

  But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in inter-personal relationships in every sphere of daily life.

  第6题：People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to ________.

  A) the slow development of the economy

  B) the poor and jobless people’s own faults

  C) the lack of responsibility on the part of society

  D) the large number of people who were not well-educated

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• Paper--More than Meets the Eye

  A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials， and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties， it is far more difficult to spot the grades.

  B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose， so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart， it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good， but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.

  C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods， cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized， but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags， with the bulk being wood-based.

  Paper from Wood

  D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda， until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made， relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That， in a very small nutshell， is the essence of paper making from wood. However， the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card， the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.

  E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together， but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.

  F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture， the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.

  G) It also means， of course， that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive， but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten

  their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials， causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!

  H) So， how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking， and rather disappointingly， you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down， and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.

  I) Added to this， as I have indicated earlier， paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach， china clay， chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture， and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in， or printing on， the correct material then this is probably the only way.

  J) Incidentally， acids can migrate

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• "Ideational fluency" (Para. 4) refers to the ability to ______.

  A．produce as many ideas as possible in different categories.

  B．generate ideas as fast as possible.

  C．come up with significant ideas.

  D．make full use of the intelligence

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• When construction can begin depends on how soon the ________ of the route is completed.

  A．survey

  B．identity

  C．orientation

  D．conviction

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• I didn' t know anything about any of the books so my choice was quite________.

  A．arbitrary

  B．artificial

  C．articulate

  D．arduous

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