According to the passage, early chartered trading companies are usually described as__
A．irrelevant to a discussion of the origins of the modern multinational corporation
B．interesting but ultimately too unusually to be good subjects for economic study
C．analogues of nineteenth-century British trading firms
D．rudimentary and very early forms of the modern multinational corporation
E．important national institutions because they existed to further the political aims of the governments of their home countries
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This thing called love is a total mystery, and the __ of passion and despair that accompanies every romantic devotion may keep one eternally perplexed.
A．coagulation
B．requital
C．admixture
D．instability
E．vagaries -
The passage suggests which of the following about Dorothy Allison's work？ Ⅰ. Non-feminist writers have been less successful in producing historically situated narratives. Ⅱ. Allison's fiction successfully negotiates between essentialist arrogance and a reactionary response. Ⅲ. Allison is more interested in her female antagonists than male protagonists, as characters.
A．Ⅰ only
B．Ⅱ only
C．Ⅰ and Ⅱ only
D．Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
E．Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ -
It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements？
A．A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
B．A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
C．A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
D．Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
E．Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group. -
According to the passage, the optics of the vent crab Bythograea thermydron （line 4 ) serve all of the following purposes over the course of its life-cycle EXCEPT
A．They assist in the orientation process by helping the crab navigate toward post-larval settlements.
B．They assist the crabs visually by permitting imaging in the light-saturated upper oceanic depths.
C．They help the crabs navigate by providing thermal and chemical senses to the adult crab near post-larval settlements.
D．They increase the crabs' flexibility by allowing the crab to adapt to two different environments with different lighting conditions.
E．They permit the crabs to achieve increased sensitivity to the location of underwater thermal vents. -
Anderson's new theory is controversial for asserting that Britain might
have retained its North American empire had George III's ministers proceeded
less precipitously. But as Anderson himself concedes to previous historians like
Henvel and Rhimes, there was no indication whether the persistence of imperial
（5) authority would have made much difference for any of the parties involved. At
most, these efforts would have endowed the British government with a
"hollow" empire, wherein the exercise of effective authority would depend on
the consent of the colonists and their representatives. While the grip on their
colonies was questionable, the British had no option but to curtail their
（10) authority, and at no point was the decision to do so more than a temporary
expedient. Once the war in French Canada was resolved, England attempted to
terminate the costly practices of Indian gift giving and to levy new taxation.
Under such circumstances, moreover, Britain would have been able to offer
only limited protections to any of America's other inhabitants, especially the
（15) Indians whose lands in the Ohio Valley were already being encroached upon by a
steady influx of European settlers. In a sense, the Seven Years' War ended up
confirming the "American" character of Britain's North American empire, an
entity over which metropolitan authority had never been more than tenuous.
Anderson's hypothesis concerning French Canada is corroborated both by
（20) the events of the American Revolution, and, less successfully, the
contemporaneous case of India, where the British successfully implemented the
colonial strategy Anderson recommends. As witnessed in Iroquoia, the Mughal
Empire's progressive collapse during the later 1740s and 1750s drew the
British, who had been in India as traders since the early seventeenth century,
（25) ever more deeply into politics on the subcontinent, first as the auxiliaries of
local grandees and eventually as political actors in their own right. When the
East India Company governed in Bengal, it did so by virtue of cleverly acting as
the Mughal Emperor's diwani （a Muslim office roughly analogous to a European
tax farmer). Despite the temptation to act unilaterally, the company's officials
（30) were never ignorant of the fact that they owed their authority to the cooperation
of local elites, who in turn accepted British rule assuming they could employ it
to their own advantage.
Anderson notes that although there were undoubtedly the vast differences
between them, India's experience of British rule during the eighteenth century
（35) points to the same devolution of imperial agency as in America. It is a pattern
Jack P. Greene has identified as "negotiated authority", whereby the unlimited
powers claimed by officials at the empire's center were subject to constant
revision by indigenous brokers on the periphery. Despite the fact that the
Indian colonial possessions were more enduring as a result, Anderson
（40) nevertheless fails to successfully argue that the British could have retained other
parts of their empire for a more significant period through any of the means he
has suggested.
The passage can best be described as a
A．survey of the inadequacies of a conventional viewpoint
B．reconciliation of opposing points of view
C．summary and evaluation of a recent study
D．defense of a new thesis from anticipated objections
E．review of the subtle distinctions between apparently similar views