Anderson's new theory is controversial for asserting that Britain might
have retained its North American empire had George III's ministers proceeded
less precipitously. But as Anderson himself concedes to previous historians like
Henvel and Rhimes, there was no indication whether the persistence of imperial
（5) authority would have made much difference for any of the parties involved. At
most, these efforts would have endowed the British government with a
"hollow" empire, wherein the exercise of effective authority would depend on
the consent of the colonists and their representatives. While the grip on their
colonies was questionable, the British had no option but to curtail their
（10) authority, and at no point was the decision to do so more than a temporary
expedient. Once the war in French Canada was resolved, England attempted to
terminate the costly practices of Indian gift giving and to levy new taxation.
Under such circumstances, moreover, Britain would have been able to offer
only limited protections to any of America's other inhabitants, especially the
（15) Indians whose lands in the Ohio Valley were already being encroached upon by a
steady influx of European settlers. In a sense, the Seven Years' War ended up
confirming the "American" character of Britain's North American empire, an
entity over which metropolitan authority had never been more than tenuous.
Anderson's hypothesis concerning French Canada is corroborated both by
（20) the events of the American Revolution, and, less successfully, the
contemporaneous case of India, where the British successfully implemented the
colonial strategy Anderson recommends. As witnessed in Iroquoia, the Mughal
Empire's progressive collapse during the later 1740s and 1750s drew the
British, who had been in India as traders since the early seventeenth century,
（25) ever more deeply into politics on the subcontinent, first as the auxiliaries of
local grandees and eventually as political actors in their own right. When the
East India Company governed in Bengal, it did so by virtue of cleverly acting as
the Mughal Emperor's diwani （a Muslim office roughly analogous to a European
tax farmer). Despite the temptation to act unilaterally, the company's officials
（30) were never ignorant of the fact that they owed their authority to the cooperation
of local elites, who in turn accepted British rule assuming they could employ it
to their own advantage.
Anderson notes that although there were undoubtedly the vast differences
between them, India's experience of British rule during the eighteenth century
（35) points to the same devolution of imperial agency as in America. It is a pattern
Jack P. Greene has identified as "negotiated authority", whereby the unlimited
powers claimed by officials at the empire's center were subject to constant
revision by indigenous brokers on the periphery. Despite the fact that the
Indian colonial possessions were more enduring as a result, Anderson
（40) nevertheless fails to successfully argue that the British could have retained other
parts of their empire for a more significant period through any of the means he
has suggested.
The passage can best be described as a
A．survey of the inadequacies of a conventional viewpoint
B．reconciliation of opposing points of view
C．summary and evaluation of a recent study
D．defense of a new thesis from anticipated objections
E．review of the subtle distinctions between apparently similar views
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According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz
vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from
magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike
bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is
（5) contrary to the widely held view that the systems were
deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that
formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks.
he recently developed theory has considerable practical
importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during
（10)the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface
and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial
gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods.
Although these same methods still lead to an occasional
discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone
（15) undetected because they are buried and have no surface
expression.
The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the
subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of
buried minerals. Methods widely used today include
（20) analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological
overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the
magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the
rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that
are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often
（25) envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-
technology methods are of any value if the sites to which
they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize
the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay
particular attention to selecting the ground formations most
（30) likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to
varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into
account theoretical studies of relevant factors.
These models are constructed primarily from empirical
observations of known mineral deposits and from theories
35) of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to
identify those geological features that are critical to the
formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then
tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of
the critical features as possible.
The author is primarily concerned with__
A．advocating a return to an older methodology
B．explaining the importance of a recent theory
C．enumerating differences between two widely used methods
D．describing events leading to a discovery
E．challenging the assumptions on which a theory is based -
Politicians and pollsters alike warn that the outcome of a presidential race remains __ until Election Day itself, and many races depend on factors that run from bad weather __ voter turnout to last-minute scandals.
A．unknown … abetting
B．unlikely … decreasing
C．fluid … affecting
D．predetermined … consolidating
E．fixed … absorbing -
The author’s argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions？
A．Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.
B．The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.
C．Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.
D．Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts.
E．Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts could be used to investigate and prosecute illegal excavators. -
In the year shown in which the median price of existing homes sold was closest to the median price of new homes sold, approximately how many million existing homes were sold？
A．1.2
B．1.6
C．2.0
D．2.4
E．2.8 -
It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements？
A．A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
B．A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
C．A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
D．Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
E．Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.