In the early 1450s cultural change in Europe fueled a growing

need for the rapid and cheap production of written documents.

Before this time, scribal monks hand-copied sacred texts for

centuries. But for the secular world began to develop and 【M1】__

distribute new forms of sacred texts, the scribes could not keep up

the demand. Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and businessman 【M2】__

from southern Germany, foresees the profit-making potential for a 【M3】__

printing press that used movable metal type, and borrowed money

to develop that we know now as the modern printing press. He 【M4】__

developed his press by combing features of existed technologies: 【M5】__

textile, papermaking and wine presses.

Perhaps his most significant innovation, therefore, was the 【M6】__

efficient molding and casting of movable metal type. Gutenberg

designed a Latin print Bible which became his most famous

work. Despite of the dramatic success of his printing press, 【M7】__

Gutenberg managed to default on a loan and lost his whole printing

establishment. His techniques were made publicly and his creditor 【M8】__

won the rights to the proceeds from the Gutenberg Bibles.

In 1476, William Caxton set up England's first printing

press. Caxton had been a prolific translator and found the printing

press to be a marvelousway to expand his mission of promoting

unpopular literature, the innovation of the printing press ultimately 【M9】__

influenced art, literature, philosophy and politics. Today,

print is thought of as one of the markers of key historical shifts in 【M10】__

communication, creating a social and intellectual transform.

【M1】

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