什叶派

伊斯兰早期教法学派经过一段时间的发展，最终形成的四大教法学派是()

• A什叶派

• B哈乃斐派

• C马立克派

• D沙斐仪派

• E罕百里派

基督教的三大教派是（）

A、基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教

B、天主教、新教、东正教

C、犹太教、天主教、东正教

D、什叶派、逊尼派、原教旨主义

当地时间3月26日零时许，沙特阿拉伯发动代号为“决战风暴”的军事行动，对（）什叶派胡塞武装进行空中打击，并设立“禁飞区”。

A、伊朗

B、伊拉克

C、叙利亚

D、也门

目前叙利亚存在的矛盾主要有()。

A.穆斯林和基督徒的矛盾

B.土耳其人和阿拉伯人的矛盾

C.逊尼派和什叶派的矛盾

D.阿拉伯人和以色列的矛盾

伊斯兰教中因拥护历代哈里发当权派的统治而得到历代哈里发支持，发展很快，人数最多，称为“正统派”的宗教派别是（）

A、逊尼派

B、什叶派

C、哈瓦利吉派

D、苏菲派

下列关于伊斯兰教的表述，正确的是（　　）。

A、“伊斯兰”作为阿拉伯语的音译，为“顺服”之意

B、伊斯兰教传入中国是在东汉年间

C、中国穆斯林大多属于什叶派

D、“穆斯林”也是阿拉伯语音译，本意为“顺服者”

A、“东突”

B、“基地组织”

C、“塔利班”组织

D、“伊斯兰国”

在政治版图部分被改变的情况下，中东地区的格局开始出现了一些变化，出现了多重升降，具体表现在()。

A.伊斯兰主义升，世俗威权降

B.逊尼派凸起，什叶派缓降

C.海湾凸起，巴勒斯坦地区沉

D.地区力量作用上升，域外力量影响相对下降

下列关于伊斯兰教的表述，正确的是（）。

“伊斯兰”作为阿拉伯语的音译，为“顺服”之意

伊斯兰教传人中国是在东汉年间

中国穆斯林大多属于什叶派

“穆斯林”也是阿拉伯语音译，本意为“顺服者”

1979年，伊拉克总统萨达姆表示要用武力解决领土争端的直接原因是

A.霍梅尼鼓动伊拉克的什叶派反对萨达姆

B.伊朗支持伊拉克的库尔德族人进行反政府活动

C.伊朗拒绝以阿拉伯河主航道中心线为两国分界线

D.伊朗拒不兑现答应补偿伊拉克的土地

以下关于宗教派别叙述正确的是（　　）。

A、基督教的三大主流教派是东正教、天主教和新教

B、伊斯兰教的三大派别是逊尼派、什叶派和新派

C、佛教的三大派别是南传佛教、北传佛教和藏传佛教

D、道教派别主要是正义道和全真道

E、基督教的三大主流教派是耶稣教、东正教和新教

下列关于伊斯兰教说法不正确的是(  )。

A、伊斯兰教在唐朝时，经丝绸之路（陆路）和香料之路（海路）传入中国

B、伊斯兰教分逊尼派和什叶派两大派，我国穆斯林大多属于逊尼派

C、伊斯兰教教义中的六大信仰指安拉为唯一的主宰、信天堂、信使者、信经典、信前定、信后世

D、按伊斯兰教规，我国清真寺正殿和殿内壁龛必须背向麦加，以示跪拜朝向

伊拉克什叶派领导人萨德尔30日下令旗下武装力量迈赫迪军撤离巴士拉等一些城市的街头，以结束和政府军的冲突。萨德尔在一份声明中还______伊拉克政府大赦在押犯人，停止“非法围剿”。他表示，希望伊拉克人民停止流血冲突、保持伊拉克的独立和稳定。此前，萨德尔曾经______伊拉克政府要求民兵组织放下武器的期限，持续5天的冲突已造成230人死亡。填人划横线部分最恰当的一项是（）。

A．要求蔑视

B．请求藐视

C．恳求藐视

D．请求轻视

Pains

The Iraq War is dragging into its fourth year. While peace remains uncertain in Iraq, opinion polls in the United States have shown that support for the war is falling down. However, U.S. President George W. Bush has outwardly expressed his confidence on more than one occasion. "I'm optimistic we'll succeed. If not, I'd pull our troops out," he said at a recent press conference.

When he ordered troops into Iraq on March 20, 2003, George W. Bush probably would not have imagined that the country would be plunged into such a chaotic situation three years later.

Despite its victorious offensives, U.S. forces have not been able to clear anti-U. S. resistance, which in effect has seen a drastic restoration recently. Although the U.S. dominated democratic process has largely been completed, and Washington continues to increase economic assistance, Iraq has made little progress in its reconstruction, leaving Iraqi people with severe water and power shortages. In particular, ever since the bombing of a famous Shiite shrine (什叶派教徒的圣地) on February 22, the feud between the Sunnis(逊尼派教徒) and the Shiites, Iraq's two major religious sects, has degenerated to the edge of a complete loss of control.

At present, the United States can neither come up with a quick answer to the Iraq problem, nor rid itself of the heavy burden easily. Behind the "Iraq syndrome" are the huge costs on the part of the United States: over 2,300 troops killed and $ 200 250 billion spent.

Gains

As a matter of fact, the United States has reaped remarkable benefits from the war in spite of its vast costs.

Geopolitical Priority

The geopolitical situation has been made more favorable to the United States. One of the underlying reasons why the United States seeks a transformation of Iraq is to smash Arab nationalism so as to keep a firm grip on Arab countries. If their advantages in population, natural resources and geographic position are integrated and they speak with one voice, let alone establish a unified Arab country, the 22- nation Arab world will be capable of resisting intervention by big powers. Unity means power and provides the best screen against the interference of Western superpowers. Arab nationalism, championed by former Egyptian Premier Gamal Abdel Nasser, was at its height in the 1950s to 1960s. In 1956, Nasser successfully defended the military aggression waged by Britain, France and Israel. In the Fourth Middle East War, or the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the Arab countries effectively protected their dignity and interests by using the oil weapon. Although Arab nationalism gradually declined after that, with conflicts emerging among the various nations, the basis for political integration still exists. For the United States, the Arab world is, of course, too large.

Iraq is at the core of the Arab world. Its former leader Saddam Hussein had been going out of his way to revive Arab nationalism by taking advantage of the anti-U. S. sentiments popular in the Middle East, something inauspicious for Washington. It is for these reasons that the United States set about changing the nature of Iraq through the Iraq War, the post-war democratic transformation, and especially supporting the Kurds (库尔德人). In the new Iraqi Constitution, the country is no longer labeled an "Arab country".

The United States has therefore succeeded in breaking the Arab world from within, preventing the revival of Arab nationalism and getting rid of the biggest threat for it to control the oil and strategic zones in the Middle East. In the meantime, as Iraq is turned into a dependent, pro U. S. (支持美国的) country, the United States will be able to establish a new strategic base in the heart of the Middle East. A curve link

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

（15分）【20世纪的战争与和平】
材料一：历史上两伊宿怨很深。两国共同边界1280公里，南段以阿拉伯河为界，两岸蕴藏着丰富的石油资源，两国的重要石油基地和油港都集中于此。阿拉伯河是伊拉克的唯一出海口，也是伊朗油船的通道。长期以来，两国一直在争夺这一水道。在阿拉伯河伊朗一侧的胡齐斯坦省居住为200多万阿拉伯人，他们争取民族平等和自治的斗争受到伊拉克的支持。而在伊拉克一侧与伊朗交界的各省聚居着什叶派穆斯林，他们又受到伊朗的支持。在北部地区，两伊境内都有库尔德人，他们的反政府活动又分别受到对方政府的支持，这也加剧了两伊的对立。
材料二：在双方“袭船战”中，航行于海湾的各国油轮共546艘被击中，420名船员丧生。战争使双方的综合国力受到很大削弱，客观上削弱了伊朗输出伊斯兰革命的势头，推迟了中东地区主要热点问题阿以争端和平解决的进程，刺激了中东地区各国对地地导弹、化学武器等大规模杀伤性兵器的追求，引起新的军备竞赛。伊拉克在这场竞赛中略占上风，以至很快忘却战争教训，停火两年后贸然武装入侵科威特，酿成规模空前、给伊拉克带来灾难性打击的海湾战争。
根据美国《时代》周刊提供的数字，日本从海湾地区进口的石油占其国内石油消费量的64%，法国占35%，美国占21%，意大利占32%，英国占14%，德国占15%。两伊战争开始后，世界石油价格大幅度上涨，美国一些报刊曾发表评论说，如果战争再拖下去“纽约夜晚的灯火将不会那么明亮。”
请回答：
（1）结合材料一及所学知识概括两伊战争爆发的原因。（6分）
（2）结合以上材料及所学知识分析两伊战争给中东地区局势和世界带来的消极影响。（9分）